3.Justin Brower — Direct/Cross/Redirect
289 linesMS. BUCKINGHAM: Then the Commonwealth would call Dr. Jonathan Brower as its next witness.
BAILIFF: Good morning, sir.
JUSTIN BROWER: Good morning.
BAILIFF: Can you stop right here, raise your right hand for the clerk, please.
COURT CLERK: Good morning to you. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony and the evidence you shall give to the court and the jury in the matter now pending between the Commonwealth and the defendant at the bar shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?
JUSTIN BROWER: I do.
COURT CLERK: Thank you. You may have a seat.
BAILIFF: Watch your step, please.
JUSTIN BROWER: Thanks.
THE COURT: All right. Good morning, Doctor.
JUSTIN BROWER: Good morning.
THE COURT: All right. I ask you to keep your voice up so the jury can hear you. And with that, counsel.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Thank you. Good morning, sir. Can you please tell the jurors your first and last name?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's Justin Brower, B-R-O-W-E-R.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what do you do for work, sir?
JUSTIN BROWER: I'm a forensic toxicologist for NMS Laboratories.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And where is that laboratory located?
JUSTIN BROWER: The laboratory is located in Horsham, Pennsylvania, just north of Philadelphia.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what does your laboratory do?
JUSTIN BROWER: We are a reference laboratory. We do postmortem work, clinical work, and forensic drug work. So primarily my role is on the forensic side. I'm a forensic toxicologist.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And does your lab receive specimens from all across the country?
JUSTIN BROWER: We do. We have clients in all 50 states. We do approximately half of the postmortem work in the United States, as well as a large number of clinical clients.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And is your lab accredited across several states and across the country?
JUSTIN BROWER: We are. Because we deal with, you know, all the states in the United Sta— all the states in the country, we are accredited by just about every accrediting body that I'm aware of in the clinical and forensic aspects, as well as a lot of state certifications. So a lot of states have their own requirements. The most notable one is, like, New York State. So we're accredited by, again, every accrediting body that I'm aware of.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. And how long have you worked for NMS Laboratory?
JUSTIN BROWER: Four years as of August 1st.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what's your educational background as a forensic toxicologist?
JUSTIN BROWER: I have a PhD in organic chemistry.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Where did you get that from?
JUSTIN BROWER: The University of Nevada.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And do you have any other professional experience in this field prior to working for NMS?
JUSTIN BROWER: I do. Before joining NMS Laboratories, I was a laboratory supervisor and then forensic toxicologist for the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, which is a statewide system. So we did the postmortem toxicology work for all 100 counties of the state of North Carolina.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And when it comes to your role in the forensic area of doing the toxicology testing, what is your role in the NMS lab when it comes to cases that come to the laboratory for forensic analysis?
JUSTIN BROWER: So when a case comes into NMS and is logged in and the assigned, or the requested test assigned, and then run and reviewed multiple times in the laboratory. When all that testing is completed, it comes to the toxicology department, and my role is to review every aspect of that case. So I'm making sure that everything on the toxicology report is complete and accurate, such as all the demographic information that we have available to us, you know, the name of the decedent or the patient, date of birth, where it's from, the specimens that were received, and then also that all of the, everything that is reported is complete and accurate. Making sure that all the drugs that were tested for are reported, that the reported concentrations are correct and accurate, and looking at every piece of raw data accumulated from the laboratory with that case, associated with that case.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And fair to say the NMS laboratory uses a batch review workflow?
JUSTIN BROWER: That is correct. So we not only run the cases in batches, so we don't run it one case at a time. That's not very efficient. I don't really know of any laboratory that does that anymore. So we will run cases, you know, 10, 15, you know, 30 or 40 at a time.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: So as far as running a particular test and getting the raw data, that's usually done by other people in the laboratory, correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: That is correct.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And then you come in at the end and review everything and have the ability to interpret the data?
JUSTIN BROWER: That is correct.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Your training and experience as a forensic toxicologist, does that allow you to interpret concentration levels of particular types of drugs?
JUSTIN BROWER: It does.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Now as far as the testing done at NMS Laboratories, the traditional testing is kind of the drug testing, the panels for different common drugs, correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: And typically, we have a, clients request panels to be run where we're looking for, you know, multiple drugs and classes of drugs at a time.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: But are there circumstances when outside laboratories or outside individuals retain your lab in order to run specific tests?
JUSTIN BROWER: Oh, absolutely.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Now, I'm gonna draw your attention to this particular case. Was your laboratory provided, so, a blood sample from the Massachusetts State Police Crime Lab in April of 2023?
JUSTIN BROWER: I believe so. I'd really like to see the toxicology report so I can just confirm all of that, please.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Sure.
MR. REDDINGTON: I have no objection to that.
JUSTIN BROWER: Oh. Sure.
JUSTIN BROWER: Thank you so much.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: We can hang on to that. That's—
MR. REDDINGTON: That's fine.
JUSTIN BROWER: Okay. Correct. We received the specimens on April 7th, 2023.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. And it came from the Massachusetts State Police Crime Lab?
JUSTIN BROWER: No. I don't know where they were initially sent from. But the client or the submitting agency is the District Attorney's office of Plymouth.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Now as it pertains to the requested testing that was done, was it that panel that you described, or was it more specific testing?
JUSTIN BROWER: This is what we call direct testing, where they requested just four specific drugs to be tested for.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what were the four specific tests requested?
JUSTIN BROWER: Lamotrigine, mirtazapine, quetiapine, and trazodone.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Are you familiar with those substances or those drugs?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. And you reviewed all of the data and information done at your lab in regards to these tests, correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Were they able to identify concentration levels in the sample that was submitted for each one of those four substances?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And for the first, can you tell us what the result was?
JUSTIN BROWER: Would you like me just to run down the list?
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Sure.
JUSTIN BROWER: Okay. We detected lamotrigine in a concentration of 6.1 micrograms per milliliter, mirtazapine at a concentration of 200 millig—I'm sorry, 200 nanograms per milliliter, quetiapine at a concentration of 1,800 nanograms per milliliter, and trazodone at a concentration of 0.44 micrograms per milliliter, and these were all in blood.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: In blood. And so, with each drug that you just listed, are you familiar with what the common name is for the drugs?
JUSTIN BROWER: I'm not always that great with common names, but I can wing it.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Well, the lamotrigine, and forgive me if I botch the—
JUSTIN BROWER: That's okay.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: ... the pronunciation. That's also referred to commonly as Lamictal?
JUSTIN BROWER: It is, correct, Lamictal.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: What kind of drug is that?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's typically used as an anti-seizure medication, so if somebody has a seizure disorder, it can be—... prescribed to alleviate seizures, but it is also used for bipolar disorder as well.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And mirtazapine, fair to say that's commonly referred to as Remeron?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what kind of drug is that?
JUSTIN BROWER: That is typically an antidepressant.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And quetiapine, what's that common drug?
JUSTIN BROWER: Quetiapine is known as Seroquel.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And, fair to say that's an antipsychotic as well for bipolar?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes. Yes, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Are you familiar with whether that often can be prescribed in low doses for sleep?
JUSTIN BROWER: It is. It can be for insomnia.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And trazodone, what's the common name for trazodone, if you know?
JUSTIN BROWER: I am drawing a blank on the trazodone.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: If I suggest trazamine, is that familiar?
JUSTIN BROWER: Not the one that I'm most familiar with, and I apologize. I only—
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Oh, that's okay. But you're familiar with trazodone?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct, yeah.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what class of drug is that?
JUSTIN BROWER: That's an antidepressant.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Now, in your review of the levels that were detected in these four tests for each of these substances, do any of these levels appear to be outside therapeutic concentration levels?
JUSTIN BROWER: The only one that's a little elevated would be the quetiapine.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Um—
THE COURT: We're gonna take a very short break at this time. All right? So this will be a short break, then we'll come right back. All right.
BAILIFF: Court, all rise.
BAILIFF: This way, please.
THE COURT: All right. We'll be right... This will be a short break. Just for a short recess. We'll come right back out.
MR. REDDINGTON: Half hour?
THE COURT: Hopefully not.
BAILIFF: This court is back in session. You may be seated.
THE COURT: All right, are we all set for the jury?
BAILIFF: All rise. Jurors entering.
BAILIFF: This court's now in session. Please be seated.
COURT CLERK: And for the purpose of the record, we return back to the trial. The Commonwealth versus Lindsay Clancy. All parties are present, including Ms. Clancy and including the 18 jurors.
THE COURT: All right. All right. Counsel?
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Thank you. Dr. Brower, before we broke, we mentioned the term therapeutic concentration. You familiar with that term?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: What does that mean?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's the typical concentration that one would achieve when they're taking the medication or drug as indicated by their prescriber.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And are you familiar with toxic concentrations or suicidal concentrations?
JUSTIN BROWER: I am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what does that mean?
JUSTIN BROWER: Those are concentrations that could lead to adverse events and potentially death.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Now, in relation to the four substances that were tested at the NMS laboratory, you identified the levels for each of the four substances. Were any of those subs, or levels, excuse me, concentration levels, considered within therapeutic concentration?
JUSTIN BROWER: They would all be in what I would say, like a therapeutic concentration, except maybe the quetiapine, which is slightly elevated.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. And in your experience as a forensic toxicologist, have you had the occasion to review cases, postmortem cases in which suicide was a mechanism of death where the person consumed medication?
JUSTIN BROWER: Absolutely, yes.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And so, that level of the q-, uh—
JUSTIN BROWER: Quetiapine.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: ... quetiapine at the 800 nanograms per milliliter, would that have been in that toxic or suicidal level?
JUSTIN BROWER: No, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Would you generally expect to see that as significantly greater in a suicide case?
JUSTIN BROWER: Typically, quetiapines in suicide cases might be in the, you know, close to 10,000 nanograms per milliliter. Usually, people take handfuls of pills when they're trying to harm themselves and take their own life, and this is not consistent with that.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Now, are you also familiar in your training and experience with the class of drugs called benzodiazepines?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And do you have the occasion to interpret data as it pertains to concentration levels for those?
JUSTIN BROWER: Every single day.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And as far as the substances diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam, you're familiar with those?
JUSTIN BROWER: I am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And is it fair to say nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, those are all metabolites of diazepam?
JUSTIN BROWER: Typically, yes, ma'am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what's the common name for diazepam?
JUSTIN BROWER: Valium.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. If I show you what's been marked as exhibit 183 already.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Can you see that on the screen beside you?
JUSTIN BROWER: I can, yes.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay.
JUSTIN BROWER: Right there.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Can you see the levels?
JUSTIN BROWER: They're all blurry.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Yep, hold on one. There we go.
JUSTIN BROWER: My eyesight's not great too, so.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. So—
JUSTIN BROWER: That's perfect.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: ... that's the best I can do with the autofocus.
JUSTIN BROWER: Don't touch it.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Anything about the levels that you observed here regarding those substances, those benzodiazepines, that tell you that they're outside therapeutic concentration levels?
JUSTIN BROWER: The diazepam and the nordiazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam metabolites. The diazepam looks to be sub-therapeutic, meaning lower than what is typically expected from a therapeutic dose.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay.
JUSTIN BROWER: Most therapeutic doses of diazepam, which is an anxiolytic drug, or an anti-anxiety drug, are typically, you know, 200, 250, thereabouts, nanogram per milliliter. The lorazepam, depending upon the dose, could be a therapeutic concentration. If not, maybe a little bit lower than expected.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Thank you.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Now, when you're reviewing these cases, as the reporting forensic toxicologist, are there limitations on what you can say about the effects of these types of medications?
JUSTIN BROWER: We can speak as to the general effects that drugs can have on the general population. But we try to restrict ourself from saying with absolute certainty that a drug will have this effect on this specific person because we just aren't there to witness their behavior.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. So, that was kind of the follow-up. So—
JUSTIN BROWER: I'm sorry.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: ... what are the things that are the unknowns for you when you're just looking at data?
JUSTIN BROWER: We when... We say that we can't do toxicology in a vacuum. You can't know everything about the case just by looking at numbers on the toxicology report and drugs on a toxicology report. You need other information to have an informed opinion. In the postmortem world, that would be the investigation itself, the history of the case, the scene findings, you know, interviews with, you know, families and friends of the decedent, as well as autopsy findings as well. In a case like this where it's not a decedent, and the person is alive, you still need to know some facts of the case, some sort of history of the case, like what happened. So just numbers on a page, you can just make very generalized types of opinions such as, "That looks to be therapeutic. It looks to be high. It looks to be low." And then again, just the general effects on the drugs on people.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And in this particular instance, you were not provided any further information about the case or the investigation in order to make any more opinions about effects?
JUSTIN BROWER: I knew nothing about this case until we spoke, I think it was probably a few weeks ago.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And as far as the information available to you, you only had the data from the specimen that was tested, correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: That is correct, just these four drugs that were requested to be tested for.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And as far as the drugs, the four drugs that were tested by your lab, what are the general characteristics of some of those drugs?
JUSTIN BROWER: So these are generally antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. So if somebody had... well, the lamotrigine, if somebody had, say, bipolar disorder, like wide, wild mood swings, depressive episodes, or antipsycho- or psychotic episodes, these drugs could be prescribed. They also have depressant effects, so they could make people become, you know, lethargic or sleepy.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. And would any of the combination of these drugs cause a person to stop breathing?
JUSTIN BROWER: It is possible. Especially the mirtazapine, the tianeptine, the trazodone, and then the two other benzodiazepines, those are all central nervous system depressants. So they could, in large combinations or large concentrations and in combination with each other, cause central nervous system depression, which could reduce people's respiration rates.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: But in the levels that you observed in the testing that your lab did, as well as what I just showed you from Exhibit 183, is there anything about those concentrational levels that would give you a sense that the person could have stopped breathing as a result of these?
JUSTIN BROWER: Not necessarily, but if I had the information that, you know, a patient presented to an emergency department, and they had labored breathing and, you know, weren't breathing adequately, and I had this information, then you could probably tie all that together. But without that extra information, then generally no.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Based on the levels alone, you can't give any sort of opinion?
JUSTIN BROWER: I would like to not.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. And finally, are you familiar with the drug Narcan?
JUSTIN BROWER: I am.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: And what kind of effect does the drug Narcan have on a person who has consumed these drugs, if any?
JUSTIN BROWER: Just these drugs that we've talked about here today?
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Mm-hmm, yes.
JUSTIN BROWER: Absolutely nothing.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Can you explain to us why it is that Narcan wouldn't have an effect?
JUSTIN BROWER: Narcan is an opioid overdose reversal agent. It is an opioid antagonist. So it binds to the opioid receptors. So it doesn't allow other opioids like, say, fentanyl or oxycodone to bind to those receptors to have, to exert its effects. So it only works on opioids. None of these drugs work on the opioid receptors, so Narcan would have no effect whatsoever on these drugs.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay. Thank you.
THE COURT: All right. Attorney Reddington.
MR. REDDINGTON: Morning.
JUSTIN BROWER: Good morning.
MR. REDDINGTON: Dr. Brower, so one of the things that you had mentioned is that you, and I think I would quote you, "I would like not to give an opinion without the end, basically the underlying facts." In other words, what you're saying is that the numbers alone do not tell the tale of what happened to a particular individual, right?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct. They don't tell the entire story.
MR. REDDINGTON: Right. And you're, for NMS Laboratory, you were retained or working for the DA's office, these people here, right?
JUSTIN BROWER: That was the submitting agency, correct.
MR. REDDINGTON: And they certainly were not constrained from picking up the phone and calling you and telling you that this is blood from a woman that threw herself out a window and tried to kill herself after cutting her wrists and her neck. They could've told you that, right?
THE COURT: Overruled.
JUSTIN BROWER: It's possible. That does happen in rare occasions in high-profile cases.
MR. REDDINGTON: Right. And so that would've been something, for example, the facts that you wanted to know, that you would've liked to have known to kinda round out your opinion about the actual level of the drugs in the blood that you examined, right?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's not necessary. We're—
MR. REDDINGTON: Well, it's not necessary, but you did indicate that you would like to have not give an opinion without the facts.
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct—
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay.
JUSTIN BROWER: …today.
MR. REDDINGTON: From the witness stand.
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct. I don't have all the information.
MR. REDDINGTON: Of course. And the word therapeutic, is that consistent with, in other words, the treatment level of a particular narcotic in, or drug in the blood?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct. It's the concentration of the drug in the body to elicit an effect or the desired effect.
MR. REDDINGTON: Not yesterday. I can move on while she's trying to find the record.
MR. REDDINGTON: As it relates to the therapeutic level, sir, is it your understanding that the lorazepam, the alprazolam, clonazepam, the counsel had asked you about, the benzodiazepines were within therapeutical... Thank you. Were in therapeutic level?
JUSTIN BROWER: I'm sorry, I had trouble hearing you.
MR. REDDINGTON: Yeah, I'm sorry. They were within therapeutic level?
JUSTIN BROWER: I'm sorry, could you repeat the entire question?
MR. REDDINGTON: Sure. What is lamotrigine?
JUSTIN BROWER: Lamotrigine is typically used as an anti-seizure medication, and could also be used for bipolar disorder.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay. Do you have the results for your lab in front of you?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes, sir.
MR. REDDINGTON: Toxicology. Yeah, you can read along just to see. You can refresh your memory if it helps.
MR. REDDINGTON: The lamotrigine, it says 6.1. What does that mean?
JUSTIN BROWER: 6.1 micrograms per milliliter. So there were 6.1 micrograms of lamotrigine per milliliter of blood.
MR. REDDINGTON: All right. Is that above therapeutic, below therapeutic, or therapeutic?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's right in the middle of the therapeutic range.
MR. REDDINGTON: So if somebody had a prescription, for example, for that narcotic or that drug, then they were taking the drug according to the recommended dose, right?
JUSTIN BROWER: That's what it would appear to me if they were prescribed it, correct.
MR. REDDINGTON: How about the mirtazapine?
JUSTIN BROWER: The mirtazapine also looks to be probably used appropriately as prescribed.
MR. REDDINGTON: Hm. And you need a prescription for that, don't you?
JUSTIN BROWER: Yes, you need a prescription for all three of, all, I'm sorry, all four of these drugs.
MR. REDDINGTON: Four of them. Okay. And what is... Is there another name for mirtazapine?
JUSTIN BROWER: Remeron.
MR. REDDINGTON: Remeron. All right. And what is the purpose, or what do you use Remeron for?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's an antidepressant.
MR. REDDINGTON: How about the quetiapine, is the number three?
JUSTIN BROWER: The quetiapine is also known as Seroquel, and that is generally used as an antipsychotic.
MR. REDDINGTON: And what does that mean when you say an antipsychotic? What does that mean?
JUSTIN BROWER: So somebody has psychotic episodes, say like hallucinations or just not seeing reality like quote, quote, normal person would.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay.
JUSTIN BROWER: They could be prescribed quetiapine to, as an antipsychotic to try to kind of level out their brain chemistry.
MR. REDDINGTON: And what was the result on the quetiapine?
JUSTIN BROWER: 1,800. 1,800 nanograms per milliliter.
MR. REDDINGTON: Now, is that within therapeutic? Is that below or high?
JUSTIN BROWER: It looks high to me, depending upon the dosage.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay. And trazodone is the next one. What is that?
JUSTIN BROWER: Trazodone is also an antidepressant.
MR. REDDINGTON: And is that... What's the result on that?
JUSTIN BROWER: I'm sorry.
MR. REDDINGTON: It's okay.
JUSTIN BROWER: 0.44 micrograms per milliliter.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay. And is that therapeutic, below therapeutic, or above therapeutic?
JUSTIN BROWER: I would say that's a therapeutic concentration.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay. So basically, with the exception of the quetiapine that was 1,800 nanograms per... What is a nanogram? What does that mean, nanograms per milliliter? What does that mean?
JUSTIN BROWER: It's a very, very small amount. It's one millionth of a milligram.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay. And that's how you measure the quantity of a particular substance that would be in a person's blood, correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: In the blood, correct.
MR. REDDINGTON: So on the quetiapine, at 1,800 nanograms per milliliter, that's the only one that was not therapeutic. That was a little higher than therapeutic. Is that correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct. It's approximately maybe double what you might expect. So it's—when I say it's a little elevated, it's not in a concentration that I would consider to be necessarily toxic or lethal.
MR. REDDINGTON: Okay.
MR. REDDINGTON: And you don't know, working for NMS Labs, or whether or not a person had a prescription for these drugs, or when they got the prescription, or who gave them the prescription? You don't know that, right?
JUSTIN BROWER: I have none of that information, no.
MR. REDDINGTON: You could have known that if somebody had told you that, but you don't know it from looking at the numbers that we have here, right?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct. It's possible if they would've given us that information. We don't always need to have it, though.
MR. REDDINGTON: Sure. All right. This is what I had offered for today.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Can I just see it again first?
THE COURT: Oh, sure.
MR. REDDINGTON: Here.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Okay, thanks. If we can just approach briefly on this.
THE COURT: Yeah.
THE COURT: All right, so we're going to introduce that exhibit at this time.
MR. REDDINGTON: Thank you.
COURT REPORTER: 206.
MR. REDDINGTON: So just if I may, excuse me, approach. This basically is an NMS lab report.
JUSTIN BROWER: Same as this one.
MR. REDDINGTON: Same numbers on the top, right? Where the square is.
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct.
MR. REDDINGTON: Same numbers. Okay.
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct.
MR. REDDINGTON: Thank you, sir. That's all I have.
JUSTIN BROWER: All right.
THE COURT: All right. Yeah, Commonwealth?
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Just, Dr. Brower, you in fact, once got this case for review, you authored a corrected report in regards to this case, correct?
JUSTIN BROWER: Correct.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: At this point, I would move to admit the report as an exhibit.
MR. REDDINGTON: No objection.
THE COURT: All right. That may be admitted as well.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Thank you.
MS. BUCKINGHAM: Nothing further.
MR. REDDINGTON: I have nothing further. Thank you, sir.
THE COURT: All right. All right. Thank you, doctor.
JUSTIN BROWER: Am I released?
THE COURT: You're all set. Thank you.
JUSTIN BROWER: Thank you.